Kelly,
Im not sure what your intentions are for your duck brother, but keep them coming! Nice chatting with you last night.
Addiction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Addiction is a state in which the body relies on a substance for normal functioning. When this substance is removed, it can cause
withdrawal. It was first used in 1906, in reference to
opium (there is an isolated instance from
1779, with ref. to tobacco). The first use of the adjective
addict (with the meaning of "delivered, devoted") was in
1529 and comes from Latin
addictus, pp. of
addicere ("deliver, yield, devote," from
ad-, "to" +
dicere, "say, declare").
[1]
Addiction was a term used to describe a devotion, attachment, dedication, inclination, etc. Nowadays, however, the term
addiction is used to describe a recurring
compulsion by an individual to engage in some specific activity, despite harmful consequences to the individual's health, mental state or social life. The term is often reserved for
drug addictions but it is sometimes applied to other compulsions, such as
problem gambling, and
compulsive overeating. Factors that have been suggested as causes of addiction include
genetic,
biological/
pharmacological and
social factors.
OR
Torture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Torture is the intentional infliction of excruciating pain or the method of inflicting such pain, as a means of getting a confession or information, or for sheer cruelty. People disagree, often for political reasons, on the definition of torture, and the degree of pain or suffering that must be involved, or the circumstances in which an activity constitutes torture. One generally-accepted definition of torture is given by the
United Nations Convention Against Torture, which defines it as
"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions."
[2] Torture has often been sponsored by governments. In addition, individuals or groups may inflict torture on others for the same reasons as those acting in an official capacity; however, another motive for torture can be for the sadistic gratification of the torturer, as was the case in the
Moors Murders. Torture is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries; however,
Amnesty International estimates that 75% of the world's governments currently practice torture as they define it.
[3]
Throughout history, torture has often been used as a method of effecting political
re-education. In the 21st century, torture is widely considered to be a violation of
human rights, and is declared to be unacceptable by Article 5 of the
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Signatories of the
Third Geneva Convention and
Fourth Geneva Convention agree not to torture protected persons (
POWs and enemy civilians) in armed conflicts.
International legal prohibitions on torture derive from a philosophical consensus that torture and ill-treatment are immoral.
[4] These international conventions and philosophical propositions not withstanding, organizations such as
Amnesty International that monitor abuses of human rights report a widespread use of torture condoned by states in many regions of the world.